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Technology

Our ICs are fabricated in commercial foundry processes

FrostByte designs cryogenic electronics in standard commercial semiconductor processes rather than custom or lab-scale fabrication. Building on mature, high-volume process technology reduces manufacturing variability relative to bespoke approaches, gives us a direct route to volume production on existing foundry capacity as channel counts grow, and keeps component costs at a level that supports system deployment rather than one-off experiments. We characterise and qualify each design for cryogenic operation ourselves, on top of a process base that is already proven at scale.

Macro picture of cryogenic CMOS ICs patterned on a silicon wafer.

Cryogenic mixed-signal ICs, verified across multiple qubit platforms

Our team's design record spans the full signal chain for quantum device control: RF and microwave generation, precision biasing, multiplexed readout, and the digital logic that ties them together, integrated on single mixed-signal dies and verified at cryogenic temperatures. This work covers multiple qubit platforms and is documented in peer-reviewed publications in leading journals.

Abstract image of some cryogenic CMOS IC dies
Publications

Research

A Compact Low-Power Cryo-CMOS Readout With Active Quenching for Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits2026

Giovanni Carboni; Jad Benserhir; Maoran Li; Lin Jin; Marinus C. van der Maas; Luc Enthoven; Jan Riegelmeyer; Ryoichi Ishihara; Carlos Errando-Herranz; Masoud Babaie; Fabio Sebastiano

22.3 A Multi-Qubit Cryo-CMOS SoC with Polar-Based Electron-Spin and PDM-Based Nuclear-Spin Controllers for Color Centers in Diamond

2026 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference2026

Niels Fakkel; Luc Enthoven; Mohamed Abdelrahman Elbadry; Hendrik Benjamin van Ommen; Margriet van Riggelen; Jiwon Yun; Tim Hugo Taminiau; Fabio Sebastiano; Masoud Babaie

Cryo-CMOS Integrator-Based DAC for Scalable Biasing of Semiconductor Qubits

Cryo-CMOS Integrator-Based DAC for Scalable Biasing of Semiconductor Qubits

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers2026

Luc Enthoven; Job van Staveren; Jiang Gong; Masoud Babaie; Fabio Sebastiano

Cryo-CMOS Bias-Voltage Generation and Demultiplexing at mK Temperatures for Large-Scale Arrays of Quantum Devices

IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering2025

Job van Staveren; Luc Enthoven; Peter Luka Bavdaz; Marcel Meyer; Corentin Déprez; Ville Nuutinen; Russell Lake; Davide Degli Esposti; Cornelius Carlsson; Alberto Tosato; Jiang Gong; Bagas Prabowo; Masoud Babaie; Carmen G. Almudever; Menno Veldhorst; Giordano Scappucci; Fabio Sebastiano

A Cryo-CMOS Smart Temperature Sensor for the Ultrawide Temperature Range From 5 K to 296 K

IEEE Solid-State Circuits Letters2025

D. Cerviño Fungueiriño; L. A. Enthoven; J. van Staveren; M. Babaie; F. Sebastiano

29.3 A cryo-CMOS receiver with 15K noise temperature achieving 9.8 dB SNR in 10μs integration time for spin qubit readout

IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)2024

Bagas Prabowo; Oriol Pietx-Casas; Mohammad Ali Montazerolghaem; Giordano Scappucci; Lieven M. K. Vandersypen; Fabio Sebastiano